Filled hotwire elements and sensors for thermal conductivity detectors

ABSTRACT

Hotwire elements for thermal conductivity detectors, consisting of one or two individual nickel filaments with more than 200 ohm resistance at 20° C. and finer than 5 micrometers coating of polytetrafluoroethylene, wound with homogeneously distributed interspaces into a filled up to at most ⅔ of its volume gas-permeable spherical or cylindrical body. Relevant hotwire sensors for thermal conductivity detectors, each comprising a wound on a holder filled element enveloped by fixed fillers forming a symmetric to it built-in cavity with a gas inlet and an outlet surrounding the element holder. Radii of the filled elements and their cavities are in proportion, at which minimum electric current is needed for heating the elements to desired temperature.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to Bulgarian patent application No. 109895, filed on Jun. 18, 2007.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable.

THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

Not Applicable.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC

Not Applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to thermal conductivity detectors used in gas chromatography and other methods for analysis and measurement of vaporous substances.

2. Description of the Related Art

The thermal conductivity detectors (often described by the initials TCD) follow differential approach and use one, two or four heated elements set in cavities with isothermal walls, through which sample and reference gas can flow. Common elements are thermistors (glass-coated beads of metal oxides) and hotwires (straight or spiral filaments fabricated from tungsten or nickel). Because their utilization requires proper installation, usually these elements are spot welded on the leads of replaceable sensors set in cavities bored into a massive metal block with constant temperature.

Owing to their sizable resistance (about 500 ohm in action) and temperature coefficient of resistivity, the thermistors have very good sensitivity despite their relatively thick coating. They are compact and suit the low volume cavities requisite for capillary gas chromatography. However, the selection of matched pairs of thermistors for the widely used Wheatstone bridge is rather difficult. Additionally, the thermistors should not be used in hydrogen atmosphere and can operate only below 100° C.

The hotwires cover the higher temperatures needed to analyze samples with boiling points of up to 250° C., but have moderate sensitivity due to their lower resistances (10 to 70 ohm at 20° C.) and temperature coefficients of resistivity. Since the hotwires wear out relatively fast, experiments were made to insulate them with PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene, known under the trademark Teflon® of DuPont®), however unsatisfactory poor sensitivities were obtained using filaments with low resistances and thick coatings.

The hotwires are easier to match and also allow miniaturization, but quite large cavities are necessary for the widespread replaceable sensors with spiral filaments. The performance of these sensors can be improved using elements with resistance up to 800-1000 ohm and designs, at which the filaments heated by constant electric current have maximum temperature, however the spirals of increased sizes require cavities exceeding the volume suitable for capillary gas chromatography.

What is needed for improving the conventional thermal conductivity detectors (TCD) are matchable and fast responding compact elements and relevant sensors that are highly sensitive and stable in wide enough temperature range, thus ensuring their optimum utilization.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, the elements for thermal conductivity detectors comprise one or two individual filaments with more than 200 ohm resistance at 20° C. and finer than 5 micrometers insulation coating, wound with homogeneously distributed interspaces into a filled up to at most ⅔ of its volume gas-permeable body. Actual high-sensitive and stable in wide enough temperature range elements are created using commercially available PTFE-coated nickel filaments. These elements can be quite easily matched in pairs or quads and due to their gas-permeability evolve heat through the whole filaments surface and have quick response. The filled elements are very compact, especially the combined elements each comprising two individual filaments, designed for the most widely used thermal conductivity detectors with four filaments in a Wheatstone bridge.

The embodiments of the disclosed filled elements into TCD sensors, preferred to lighter designs without auxiliary components, better utilize the intrinsic performance of these elements and the essential finding that the heating of filled spherical or cylindrical elements to desired temperature requires minimum electric current, if the radii of their cavities are approximately 1.5 or 1.65 times larger than the radius of the respective filled element.

To realize these optimum proportions in lower volume, the disclosed relevant TCD sensors have fixed fillers forming a built-in cavity with a gas inlet and an outlet surrounding the holder used to center the elements in their cavities. Besides the actual filled elements have radii accordant with a uniform cavity radius of 1.6 mm. This unification facilitates the manufacturing of inwardly spherical sensors with suited for the capillary gas chromatography void volume below 15 mm³ and filament resistance above 450 ohm at 20° C. and of more vigorous cylindrical sensors with higher resistances and increased volumes.

In addition to high sensitivity the disclosed TCD sensors also have very low detection limits, since the heat conduction through the element holders passing the cavities outlets counterbalances the interferences caused by gas flow fluctuations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 represents axial section of a relevant sensor comprising spherical filled element, set in a cell of the detector block.

FIG. 2 represents cross-section 2-2 marked in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 represents in axial section main portion of a relevant sensor comprising cylindrical filled element, set in a cell of the detector block.

FIG. 4 represents cross-section 4-4 marked in FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Two unified embodiments of the invention are presented respectively in FIG. 1, 2 and FIG. 3, 4. FIG. 1 depicts an axial section of a relevant sensor comprising a spherical filled element 1, set in a cell 2 bored together with its inlet 3 and outlet 4 into the detector block 5. The spherical filled element 1 is created by winding-up of its filaments on a holder 6, further fixed together with four leads 7 in the sensor base 8 by a glass seal 9. Using nickel filaments of radius 12 micrometers with 2 microns thick PTFE coating and leaving in their homogeneously distributed interspaces ⅓ of the element volume hollow for gas-permeability, both individual filaments in a combined spherical filled element 1 of radius 1.1 mm have resistance 450 ohm at 20° C. Slight differences in their resistances are not critical because the matching concerns filaments of separate sensors set in reference and sample cavities. Larger selection is needed to match the composite TCD sensors, but the fact that their two filaments always have equal temperature ensures more stable balance of the Wheatstone bridge.

The spherical filled element 1 is enveloped by PTFE fillers 10 and 11 forming a symmetric to it cavity 12 with void volume of 13.5 mm³, a gas inlet 13 and an outlet 14 surrounding the holder 6. The PTFE fillers 10 and 11 are fixed using the flattened segments 15 of the leads 7 and a metal casing 16. Accessory filler 17 reduces the operative detector volume and augments the thermal contacts keeping the walls of cavity 12 at constant temperature.

FIG. 2 represents cross-section 2-2 marked in FIG. 1. In this plane between the PTFE fillers 10 and 11 filament ends 18 are connected to the flattened segments 15 of the sensor leads 7 by spot welds 19. Since the welding destroys adjacent PTFE coating, during this operation the filament ends 18 are kept slack and then tightly pressed by the PTFE fillers 10 and 11 to obtain a TCD sensor with fully insulated filaments. In FIG. 2 two filament ends 18 are depicted by dashed lines to notice that in sensors comprising a spherical filled element 1 with a single filament of resistance twice the aforesaid 450 ohm two leads 7 are not connected electrically. Outside the sensor base 8 presented in FIG. 1 such leads 7 are cut like the holder 6. In all other aspects the single-filament sensors are identical to the respective composite sensors with two filaments externally connected in series. FIG. 2 also shows that (in order to realize the sensors assembling described below) the PTFE filler 11 is axially slit in two parts.

FIG. 3 represents in axial section the main portion of a relevant sensor comprising cylindrical filled element 20 created by winding-up of its filaments on a holder 21. Due to unification many details in FIG. 3 and FIG. 1 are identical or very similar and therefore have the same or primed numbers. Also for this reason the sensor portion above the outlet 4 is skipped in FIG. 3. Using the aforesaid materials and extent of filling, both individual filaments in a combined cylindrical filled element 20 of radius 1.0 mm and length about 11 mm have resistance 2870 ohm at 20° C.

The cylindrical filled element 20 is enveloped by PTFE fillers 10, 11 and 22 forming a symmetric to it cavity 23 with void volume of 74.5 mm³, a gas inlet 13 and an outlet 14 surrounding the holder 21. The PTFE fillers 10, 11 and 22 are fixed using the flattened segments 15 of the leads 7′ and a metal casing 24.

FIG. 4 represents cross-section 44 marked in FIG. 3. In this plane the filament ends 18 are connected to the flattened segments 15 of the leads 7′ by the spot welds 19 and then tightly pressed by the PTFE fillers 10 and 22 to obtain a TCD sensor with fully insulated filaments.

The sensors assembling begins with mechanized winding-up of the filaments of spherical filled elements 1 and cylindrical filled element 20 on the respective holders 6 and 21, which constituents are originally longer to facilitate the work. The desired ⅓ hollow volume for gas-permeability of the spherical filled element 1 and cylindrical filled element 20 is obtained by applying only slight tension to the filaments during their winding-up with homogeneously distributed interspaces. To stabilize the spherical filled element 1 or cylindrical filled element 20, the endmost portions of the filaments are run through it several times using a fine needle. After pruning of their prongs the element holders 6 or 21 and four leads 7 or 7′ are fixed in the sensor base 8 by the glass seal 9. Then the two parts of the PTFE filler 11 are one at a time put on the leads 7 or 7′ up to the base 8 by deflecting the spherical filled element 1 or cylindrical filled element 20 in the respective opposite direction. In the cylindrical sensors the PTFE filler 22 is put on the leads 7′ near the PTFE filler 11. At the assembling finish the tag of holders 6 or 21 is also pruned, the segments 15 of the leads 7 or 7′ are flattened, the filament ends 18 are spot welded there and finally the PTFE fillers 10, 11 and in case 22 are fixed using the flattened segments 15 of the leads 7 or 7′ and the fitting one of the metal casings 16 or 24, which edges are lastly bent.

From the above description of the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will not only understand the invention and its advantages, but will also find apparent various changes of the disclosed filled hotwire elements and sensors for thermal conductivity detectors. Therefore it is sought to cover all such modifications as falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention defined by the appended claims. 

1. Elements for thermal conductivity detectors comprising insulated hotwires; which improvement consists in the winding-up with homogeneously distributed interspaces of one or two individual filaments with more than 200 ohm resistance at 20° C. and finer than 5 micrometers insulation coating into a filled up to at most ⅔ of its volume gas-permeable body.
 2. Sensors for thermal conductivity detectors comprising insulated hotwires, spot welded to leads sealed in a base and fixed fillers forming a built-in cavity with a gas inlet and an outlet; which improvement consists in the utilization of an element as set forth in claim 1, wherein said filaments are fabricated from nickel and coated with polytetrafluoroethylene, and said element is centered in said built-in cavity using a holder sealed in said base and passing through said outlet of said built-in cavity.
 3. Sensors as set forth in claim 2, wherein said built-in cavity and said element are spherical and the radius of said built-in cavity is approximately 1.5 times larger than the radius of said element.
 4. Sensors as set forth in claim 2, wherein said built-in cavity and said element are cylindrical and the radius of said built-in cavity is approximately 1.65 times larger than the radius of said element. 